Postoperative pain: what are the ways we can find to minimize it
Editorial Commentary

术后疼痛:探寻其最小化之路

Gustavo Henrique Mattos-Pereira, Luís Otavio Miranda Cota, Fernando Oliveira Costa

Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Correspondence to: Gustavo Henrique Mattos-Pereira. Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Email: ghmattos75@gmail.com.

Comment on: Khouly I, Braun RS, Ordway M, et al. Post-operative pain management in dental implant surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Oral Investig 2021;25:2511-36.


Received: 28 October 2021; Accepted: 14 November 2021; Published: 30 June 2022.

doi: 10.21037/joma-21-12


了解疼痛是为了更好地控制疼痛,控制疼痛一直是科学研究的主要目标之一。国际疼痛研究学会(International Association for the Study Pain,IASP)将疼痛定义为“与实际或潜在组织损伤相关联,或者可以用组织损伤描述的一种不愉快的感觉和情感体验”。此外,疼痛是一种主观体验,会受到社会、生物和心理因素的不同影响,与个人的生活经历密切相关[1]

从生理学角度来探索疼痛产生的机制,寻找预防和减轻疼痛的主要方法,是疼痛领域临床研究的热点和重点。由组织损伤引起的疼痛源自炎症过程,炎症会提高组织敏感性,将进一步损害的风险降到最低,从而促进伤口恢复。然而,即使需要适应这种疼痛,也应采取措施尽可能减轻其对机体的不利影响[2]

种植牙手术产生的疼痛程度通常较低,然而疼痛仍然是其主要并发症之一。为寻找最合适的方法来减轻种植牙手术后的疼痛,笔者通过系统性回顾,对所有相关临床试验中使用的各种镇痛药物的临床疗效进行了评估[3]。笔者发现,术后第一天的疼痛程度具有统计学意义,疼痛程度从术后第四天开始逐渐下降。此外,在不同镇痛药(NSAIDs、糖皮质激素和可待因佐剂)之间,术后疼痛程度未见明显差异。

基于以上发现,本研究将重点放在了其他方向。给药方案对于最大限度地减轻术后疼痛极为重要,在对两项研究进行荟萃分析时发现,它们之间的主要区别是NSAIDs的剂量(术前vs术后)。该荟萃分析证实了Crile在1913年首次提出的超前镇痛理论[4]

超前镇痛的要点在于手术前开始药物干预,防止手术期间和术后初期切口和炎症病变引起的中枢敏化[5]。超前镇痛的机制,可能就隐藏在该研究领域待解决问题的答案背后。为了探寻这一机制,或许我们需要回答的第一个问题是“为减轻术后疼痛,镇痛药和抗炎药的最佳给药剂量方案是什么?”得到这个问题的答案后,就可以考虑寻找用于种植牙手术的最佳镇痛药物了。

一项有关超前用药的荟萃分析[6]根据随机对照试验Cochrane偏倚风险评价工具(RoB 2.0)的评价标准得出结论[7]——超前用药“有一定风险”。根据GRADE质量等级[8],由于术后1~2小时疼痛的偏倚风险和不精确性等相关问题,证据可靠性降低;术后6~8小时,由于严重的偏倚风险、不一致性和不精确性等相关问题,证据可靠性继续降低。

这些发现,加上Kouly等人的研究[3],表明未来的临床试验需要更严格的设计,以减少潜在的偏倚。我们也要关注所使用麻醉药物的类型和用量。有2项研究显示,与2%利多卡因联合1:100 000肾上腺素相比,4%阿替卡因联合1:100 000肾上腺素的麻醉效果更好[9,10]

不同的麻醉技术也会对术后疼痛程度产生重要影响,从而掩盖超前镇痛的效果,例如,与浸润麻醉技术相比,牙槽神经阻滞术后残留镇痛作用更大[11]。评估超前镇痛的研究应在其方法设计、结果解释和讨论中考虑这些数据。理想情况下,试验组和对照组在手术部位及使用的麻醉技术方面应该具有可比性。

根据Kouly等人[3]的观点,现有证据的主要局限性在于评估种植牙手术疼痛管理的临床试验数量较少、所实施的干预措施具有异质性,以及对结果的评估方法和随访周期不同。因此,在临床实践中,尚无充分的证据推荐或不推荐使用镇痛药来控制种植牙手术后的疼痛。

总之,镇痛药的开具应以患者的病史为指导,达到短时间内提高疼痛管理成功率、减少潜在不良反应的效果。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial office, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia. The article did not undergo external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://joma.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/joma-21-12/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


References

  1. Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain 2020;161:1976-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Woolf CJ. What is this thing called pain? J Clin Invest 2010;120:3742-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Khouly I, Braun RS, Ordway M, et al. Post-operative pain management in dental implant surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Oral Investig 2021;25:2511-36. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Crile GW. The kinetic theory of shock and its prevention through anoci-association (shockless operation). Lancet 1913;182:7-16. [Crossref]
  5. Kissin I. Preemptive analgesia. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1138-43. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Mattos-Pereira GH, Martins CC, Esteves-Lima RP, et al. Preemptive analgesia in dental implant surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021;26:e632-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. Zhang Y, Akl EA, Schünemann HJ. Using systematic reviews in guideline development: the GRADE approach. Res Synth Methods 2018; [Epub ahead of print]. [PubMed]
  9. Katyal V. The efficacy and safety of articaine versus lignocaine in dental treatments: a meta-analysis. J Dent 2010;38:307-17. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. St George G, Morgan A, Meechan J, et al. Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;7:CD006487. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. Figueiredo R, Sofos S, Soriano-Pons E, et al. Is it possible to extract lower third molars with infiltration anaesthesia techniques using articaine? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Acta Odontol Scand 2021;79:1-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
译者介绍
曹爽
上海交通大学医学院博士,现就职于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院麻醉科。(更新时间:2022/9/6)
审校介绍
刘冰
硕士,空军军医大学第三附属医院麻醉科,主治医师。中华口腔医学会口腔麻醉学专业委员会常委,陕西省医师协会麻醉科医师分会副总干事,口腔舒适化培训基地讲师。一直从事门诊儿童口腔治疗日间麻醉、门诊口腔镇静镇痛等工作。2015年于美国口腔麻醉与镇静促进会学习深度镇静并取得合格证书。主持或参与国家级、省市级课题4项,多中心研究2项;主译著作1部,参编专著3部;发表学术论文11篇,拥有实用新型专利多项。(更新时间:2022/9/6)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/joma-21-12
Cite this article as: Mattos-Pereira GH, Cota LOM, Costa FO. Postoperative pain: what are the ways we can find to minimize it. J Oral Maxillofac Anesth 2022;1:19.

Download Citation