口腔癌的麻醉:特别系列简介
全世界每年有超过50万例新确诊的头颈部恶性肿瘤病例[1],其中口腔癌占很大比例。虽然非手术治疗(化疗、放疗、近距离放射治疗和免疫治疗)已经很成熟,并仍在不断发展,但它们令人不适的不良反应和相关长期发病率,使得手术仍然是患者主要的治疗方式。与其他许多外科技术一样,口腔颌面和头颈部的外科技术已经得到发展,手术相关发病率减少,同时越来越多的微创方法被引入,但是开放性大范围肿瘤切除、颈淋巴结清除术和游离皮瓣重建,以及气管插管和经皮胃造瘘术,仍然是口腔癌患者常用的手术方法。因此,口腔癌手术的麻醉适用范围包括接受小型诊断性组织活检的患者的围手术期管理,接受重大癌症切除术的患者,以及接受经口机器人手术等较新技术治疗的患者。
尽管有这么多不同的手术,患者管理的原则仍然是相同的——仔细的气道评估(包括影像学检查和经鼻内镜)、精心计划并事先做好沟通的气道管理策略、为失败所做的准备,以及任何时候都优先考虑氧合。这一特殊病例系列描述了口腔癌的流行病学和病因学、癌症分期和手术适应证的范围、术前评估、风险预测和优化(预康复)、气道评估的要点、一系列可用的气道管理和氧合技术、术中和术后(重症监护)的基础知识,以及具体的手术指导,指导涵盖了口腔癌急诊、游离皮瓣重建和经口手术等专业领域。
口腔癌患者(无论疾病处于哪个阶段或治疗处于哪个阶段)应被视为高风险人群,即使是接受相对较小的手术,由于原发疾病、放疗和(或)以前的手术对气道的影响,都可能影响标准气道操作和气道管理技术(包括初级和急救)的可靠性,也可能导致这一人群常见的心肺合并症。事实上,在英国第四次全国审计项目(Fourth National Audit Project,NAP4)中,接受头颈部手术患者出现气道并发症的比率占所有气道并发症的39%[2]。NAP4还强调了气道管理中人为因素的占比,其重要性现已得到充分认识,值得在本系列文章中单独列出,并制定专门的指南[即将由困难气道协会(Difficult Airway Society,DAS)出版]。此外,本系列文章始终强调多学科的诊疗方法,因为它是确保患者安全和最佳结局的根本。
因此,本系列的主要目的是:(Ⅰ)全面详细地介绍口腔癌患者麻醉需要注意的各个方面;(Ⅱ)为所有级别的麻醉医生(专家和规培医生)、护士、重症监护医生、外科医生和专职医疗人员提供口腔癌麻醉相关参考资源;(Ⅲ) 提供一份强调口腔癌麻醉管理中涉及的重要安全问题的指南,该指南尤其适用于缺少病情复杂患者管理经验的医护人员。
Acknowledgments
Funding: None.
Footnote
Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial Office, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia, for the series “Anaesthesia for Oral Cancer”. The article did not undergo external peer review.
Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://joma.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/joma-22-29/coif). The series “Anaesthesia for Oral Cancer” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. PAW serves as the unpaid editorial board member of Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia from June 2022 to May 2024 and served as unpaid Guest Editor of the series. MGI serves as the unpaid editorial board member of Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia from July 2021 to June 2023 and served as unpaid Guest Editor of the series. MGI declares the license for Textbook: Taking on TIVA Cambridge University Press and attended the meeting AAGBI Belfast September 2022. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement:
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
References
- Stenson KM. Epidemiology and risk factors in head and neck cancer. UpToDate 2021. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-head-and-neck-cancer
- Patel A, Pearce A, Pracy P. Chapter 18 Head and neck pathology. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C. editors. Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and Difficult Airway Society. Major complications of airway management in the United Kingdom. Report and Findings. London: Royal College of Anaesthetists, 2011:143-54.
夏明
上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院麻醉科副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师,人工智能课题组长。Journal of Medical Artificial Intelligence(JMAI)主编,Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia(JOMA)执行主编,中华口腔医学会口腔麻醉专业委员会全国常务委员,中华口腔医学会镇静镇痛专委会全国常务委员,中国康复医学会疼痛康复专委会全国委员。(更新时间:2023-01-09)
(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)
Cite this article as: Ward PA, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for oral cancer: introduction to special series. J Oral Maxillofac Anesth 2022;1:31.