Potential of ketamine use in sialendoscopy—a narrative review
Review Article

氯胺酮用于唾液腺内镜检查的可能性:一项叙述性综述

Nancy Zhu1, Tim T. Wang1, Jingping Wang2

1Department Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Clinical Fellow, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 2Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: N Zhu, J Wang; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Jingping Wang, MD, PhD. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, GRB 444, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Email: jwang23@mgh.harvard.edu.

背景和目的:唾液腺内镜目前普遍用于唾液腺结石的诊断和治疗。氯胺酮是一种被广泛研究的麻醉药,已知氯胺酮会导致唾液分泌过多。本综述旨在回顾在唾液腺内镜检查中,氯胺酮在促进唾液分泌、麻醉和镇痛中可能产生的协同作用的证据。

方法:在PubMed、Embase和CINAHL在线数据库中使用关键词“氯胺酮”和“唾液腺内镜”完成了文献检索。

主要内容和发现:文献检索结果中并未找到直接研究在唾液腺内镜检查中使用氯胺酮的效果的文章,但发现了多篇关于氯胺酮的不同用途和唾液分泌过多的副作用的文章,以及关于需要使用麻醉药物提高唾液腺内镜检查中唾液腺导管口识别成功率的文章。

结论:鉴于其镇痛和促进唾液分泌特性,与其他麻醉药物相比,氯胺酮在唾液腺内镜检查中的应用前景更为广阔。此外,氯胺酮使用范围广且安全性良好,在短时手术中颇受青睐,其在唾液腺内镜检查这类短时手术中也能发挥有利作用。未来的研究需要评估氯胺酮在唾液腺内镜检查中的安全性和有效性,证明氯胺酮可以减少患者对阿片类镇痛药的需求,并能通过催涎作用提高手术成功率。

关键词:去阿片化镇痛;流涎;氯胺酮;唾液腺内镜


Received: 09 September 2022; Accepted: 08 February 2023; Published online: 14 February 2023.

doi: 10.21037/joma-22-28


引言

背景

20世纪60年代,Corssen和Domino首次提出将氯胺酮用作人体麻醉药物;时至今日,氯胺酮仍是使用最广泛的麻醉药之一[1]。氯胺酮是一种非竞争性的N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA)受体拮抗剂。如今广泛用于麻醉的形式是R(-)和S(+)两种异构体的外消旋混合物。S(+)形式与NMDA受体的结合更强,并且在很大程度上是氯胺酮麻醉作用的驱动异构体,而R(-)形式已被证明可引起持续的抗抑郁作用[2]

氯胺酮是一种颇受青睐的麻醉药,其对全身血管阻力的影响相对较稳定,也不会引起明显的呼吸抑制,同时还能在麻醉期间保留气道反射[1]。此外,有研究表明氯胺酮可诱发流涎或唾液分泌过多。虽然这引起了部分人对潜在的喉痉挛风险增加的担忧,但这些担忧尚未得到科学验证[3]。目前还不完全清楚这类副作用是否与剂量有关,因为目前的文献提供的证据存在相互矛盾之处[4,5]。尽管如此,其促进唾液分泌的作用依旧引发了学者思考氯胺酮在唾液腺内镜检查中协同使用的可能性。

唾液腺内镜是用于唾液腺手术的微创技术,由Katz于1991年首次提出[6]。随着设备和技术的改进,唾液腺内镜被越来越多地用于诊断和治疗唾液腺结石,即涎石。唾液腺结石可能出现在大唾液腺(腮腺、下颌下腺或舌下腺)或小唾液腺中。唾液腺结石的病因尚不完全清楚,但可能的诱因包括唾液成分、唾液腺导管解剖结构和异物[7]。下颌下腺结石最为常见,此处唾液中钙的浓度较高、偏碱性且pH值比其他唾液腺更高[8,9]。此外,下颌下腺导管长而迂回——从下颌角走行至舌根——容易造成唾液瘀滞,增加了形成结石的风险。

理论基础和知识鸿沟

对于保守治疗(水化治疗、使用催涎剂、腺体按摩)失败的唾液腺病变患者,口腔颌面外科医生(oral and maxillofacial surgeons, OMS)经常采用唾液腺内镜对其进行治疗。这类治疗可以在门诊中、在静脉镇静下进行,也可以在手术室中、在全身麻醉下进行[10]。下文介绍了目前有关唾液腺内镜检查中使用氯胺酮的证据。就笔者所知,目前还没有针对这一主题发表的研究文献。

目的

本综述旨在评估有关氯胺酮刺激唾液过度分泌和围手术期镇痛作用的证据,以及这些作用如何辅助唾液腺内镜检查。本综述根据叙述性综述报告清单写就(详见https://joma.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/joma-22-28/rc)。


方法

2022年8月,在PubMed、Embase和CINAHL在线数据库中使用关键词“氯胺酮”和“唾液腺内镜检查”完成了文献检索(表1)。纳入标准是提供了选择氯胺酮而非其他麻醉药用于唾液腺内镜检查的证据的研究,不限制研究类型,不限制语言或时间范围。虽然并未发现直接研究氯胺酮在唾液腺内镜检查中使用情况的文章,但研究者发现了多篇关于氯胺酮在不同临床环境中的不同用途的研究,以及一些在唾液腺内镜检查中使用催涎药的研究。这些发现进一步挖掘了氯胺酮在唾液腺内镜检查中发挥协同效应的潜力。

表1
表1 检索策略总结
Full table

讨论

唾液腺内镜检查中的流涎

氯胺酮会导致唾液分泌过多,这一点早已为人所熟知[1]。在术中,通常将阿托品与氯胺酮同时使用,以减轻这一副作用[5]。流涎的作用机制尚不清楚。M1和M3是唾液腺中已知的主要乙酰胆碱受体。一项研究表明,M1和M3基因敲除的小鼠唾液分泌减少[11]。在临床上,口干综合征患者用拟胆碱药物治疗,如毛果芸香碱和卡巴胆碱。另一方面,氯胺酮已被证明可以抑制毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体[12]。因此,人们可能期望氯胺酮可以减少而非增加唾液分泌量。总之,目前对这一领域知之甚少,需要进一步研究。

氯胺酮刺激唾液分泌的作用可能对唾液腺内镜检查有帮助,特别是在手术的第一阶段。唾液腺内镜检查包括两个不同阶段,即进入唾液腺导管和导管内探查[13]。由于唾液腺导管口组织脆弱、位置不一,进入导管被认为是手术中最具挑战性和最耗时的部分[14,15]。目前的技术包括使用探针定位导管,然后滑动探针对导管进行连续扩张,加入利多卡因凝胶浸润导管以达到水力扩张的效果,或在血管导管引导下插入内镜[16,17]。识别管口仍然是一个挑战。腺管口是导管最狭窄的地方,仅为0.1~0.2 mm,下颌下腺和腮腺导管口都是如此[14,18]。在这种情况下,氯胺酮可以作为一种催涎药帮助进入导管。一项研究表明,口服抗坏血酸(维生素C)后,下颌下腺导管的可见度从63%提高到95%;另一项研究表明,口服柠檬汁后,下颌下腺导管的可见度也有所提高[19,20]。即使导管完全被阻塞,使用催涎药也可以更好地识别对侧导管,以作为参考。一旦进入导管,就可以对其进行病理探查。如果需要减少唾液分泌,可以给患者服用格隆溴铵。

氯胺酮的围手术期镇痛作用

氯胺酮在小剂量下(静脉注射<1 mg/kg)就能发挥明显的镇痛作用[21,22]。氯胺酮是通过NMDA受体水平的镇痛和抗痛觉过敏特性实现的镇痛[23]。此外,在有害刺激之前给予氯胺酮,镇痛效果更好[24]。这种效果被称为“超前镇痛”,意思是减少疼痛的记忆,因而也减少了对术后镇痛药物的需求。因此,在唾液腺内镜手术前给予氯胺酮可能有助于补充术中局部麻醉的阻滞效果、减轻术后疼痛[25-27]

目前,在OMS内部还没有广泛使用的关于唾液腺内镜检查后疼痛控制的指南。研究表明,患者对这种手术具有良好的耐受性,通常可以在术后立即恢复正常生活[28,29]。疼痛控制方案可能主要包括非处方镇痛药,如非甾体类抗炎药和对乙酰氨基酚。但一些OMS也会为比较敏感的患者或在“以防万一”的情况下开具阿片类药物[30]。毕竟在其他门诊手术后,OMS通常会开具短效阿片类药物,如第三磨牙拔除术和正颌手术后[31,32]。为此,氯胺酮可能特别有助于减轻术后疼痛程度,并可能减少对阿片类药物的需求。

OMS眼中氯胺酮的安全性

氯胺酮是一种经过充分研究的药物,已被证明能够提供足够的镇静而不损害气道[1,33],因此是OMS诊室和急诊科程序性镇静的常用药物[34-36]。具体到唾液腺内镜检查,无论是在门诊还是在手术室完成,临床结果没有明显的差异[10,37,38]。此外,最近的一项研究发现,在门诊进行的唾液腺内镜检查的平均总时长为39分钟,而在手术室为278分钟,对应的平均总费用,门诊费用为720美元(折合人民币约5 119.34元),而手术室费用为13 956美元(折合人民币约99 229.97元)[37]。因此,在临床上可行的情况下,应首先考虑在门诊采用静脉注射镇静方式进行唾液腺内镜检查。

局限性和未来研究

虽然氯胺酮在唾液腺内镜检查中的应用前景广阔,但仍存在一些局限性。氯胺酮还有其他已知的副作用,如表现在患者情绪状态和身体形象上的精神障碍,产生漂浮感、生动的梦境或幻觉,以及苏醒时偶尔出现明显的谵妄。可以通过使用苯二氮卓类药物减少这些副作用[39]。也有一些患者须禁用氯胺酮,如肾脏或肝脏功能障碍的患者[40]

尽管如此,氯胺酮仍然是一种有研究前景的药物,其在唾液腺内镜检查中使用的安全性和有效性值得研究。未来研究可以评估使用氯胺酮对OMS理解操作困难的影响,然后与操作的持续时间相印证。在患者方面,研究可以评估氯胺酮的使用对唾液腺内镜手术后疼痛程度的影响。此外,未来研究可能会阐明唾液腺内镜检查造成的潜在并发症,如识别管口后持续的唾液分泌或氯胺酮的精神状态副作用导致患者体验不佳。最终,在OMS之间建立关于在唾液腺内镜检查中使用氯胺酮的优缺点的标准化指南将大有裨益。


结论

氯胺酮具有促进唾液分泌和镇痛作用,加上其安全性有广泛的证据支持,使其有可能成为用于唾液腺内镜检查的协同麻醉药。可能的优点包括缩短手术时间、改善患者的疼痛程度。因此,有关评估氯胺酮用于唾液腺内镜检查的安全性和有效性的进一步研究非常有必要,并能对未来的临床标准产生影响。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial office, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia, for the series “Opioid-free Anesthesia and Opioid-sparing Anesthesia in OMF Surgery”. The article has undergone external peer review.

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the Narrative Review reporting checklist. Available at https://joma.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/joma-22-28/rc

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://joma.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/joma-22-28/coif). The series “Opioid-free Anesthesia and Opioid-sparing Anesthesia in OMF Surgery” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. JW serves as the unpaid editorial board member of Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia from August 2021 to July 2023 and served as unpaid Guest Editor of the series. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


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译者介绍
裴蓓
上海交通大学医学院临床医学八年制在读。(更新时间:2023-06-09)
审校介绍
夏明
上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院麻醉科副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师,人工智能课题组长。Journal of Medical Artificial IntelligenceJMAI)主编,Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial AnesthesiaJOMA)执行主编,中华口腔医学会口腔麻醉专业委员会全国常务委员,中华口腔医学会镇静镇痛专委会全国常务委员,中国康复医学会疼痛康复专委会全国委员。(更新时间:2023-06-09)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/joma-22-28
Cite this article as: Zhu N, Wang TT, Wang J. Potential of ketamine use in sialendoscopy—a narrative review. J Oral Maxillofac Anesth 2023;2:9.

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